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The Ancient Greek aphorism "know thyself" (Greek: , transliterated: '; also ' with the ε contracted), is one of the Delphic maxims and was inscribed in the pronaos (forecourt) of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi according to the Greek periegetic (travelogue) writer Pausanias (10.24.1).〔Pausanias, Description of Greece, (Paus. 10.24 )〕 The maxim, or aphorism, "know thyself" has had a variety of meanings attributed to it in literature. The ''Suda'', a 10th-century encyclopedia of Greek knowledge, says: "the proverb is applied to those whose boasts exceed what they are",〔'Know Thyself' as an admonition, in "Know Thyself". ''Suda'' On Line. Tr. Catherine Roth. 13 Aug 2002. 15 Feb 2011 In Latin the aphorism is generally given as ''nosce te ipsum'' or ''temet nosce''. ==Attribution== The aphorism has been attributed to at least the following ancient Greek sages: * Bias of Priene〔Bias of Priene, in Plato's Protagoras (343a-343b) Socrates lists Bias as one of the seven sources of the Delphic maxims including "Know Thyself." * Chilon of Sparta〔Chilon of Sparta, a 10th-century Byzantine scholia in the ''Suda'' attributed the aphorism to Chilon. "Know Thyself." ''Suda'' On Line. Tr. Catherine Roth. 13 Aug 2002. 15 Feb 2011 * Cleobulus of Lindus〔Cleobulus of Lindus, in Plato's Protagoras (343a-343b) Socrates lists Cleobulus as one of the seven sages who were sources of the Delphic maxims including "Know Thyself." * Heraclitus〔Doctoral thesis, "Know Thyself in Greek and Latin Literature," Eliza G. Wilkens, U. Chi, 1917, p. 12 ((online )).〕 * Myson of Chenae〔Myson of Chenae, in Plato's Protagoras (343a-343b) Socrates lists Myson as one of the seven sages who were sources of the Delphic maxims including "Know Thyself." * Periander〔Pausanias 10.24.1 mentions a controversy over whether Periander should be listed as the seventh sage instead of Myson. But Socrates who is cited by Pausanias as his source supports Myson. (Paus. 10.24 )〕 * Pittacus of Mytilene〔Pittacus of Mitylene, in Plato's Protagoras (343a-343b) Socrates lists Pittacus as one of the seven sages who were sources of the Delphic maxims including "Know Thyself." * Pythagoras * Socrates〔Socrates, Socrates refers to it in Plato's Philebus 48c, and Phaedrus 229e as a saying of Delphi. The Tufts Perseus web site shows Philebus text as: * Solon of Athens〔Solon of Athens, in Plato's Protagoras (343a-343b) Socrates lists Solon as one of the seven sages who were sources of the Delphic maxims including "Know Thyself." * Thales of Miletus〔Thales of Miletus, a 10th-century Byzantine scholia in the ''Suda'' attributed the aphorism to Thales. "Thales." ''Suda'' On Line. Tr. Ross Scaife, 28 Nov 2001. 15 Feb 2011. Diogenes Laërtius attributes it to Thales (''Lives'' I.40), but also notes that Antisthenes in his ''Successions of Philosophers'' attributes it to Phemonoe, a mythical Greek poetess, though admitting that it was appropriated by Chilon. In a discussion of moderation and self-awareness, the Roman poet Juvenal quotes the phrase in Greek and states that the precept descended ''e caelo'' (from heaven) (''Satires'' 11.27). The 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia the ''Suda'', recognized Chilon〔http://www.stoa.org/sol-entries/gamma/333〕 and Thales〔http://www.stoa.org/sol-entries/theta/17〕 as the sources of the maxim "Know Thyself." The authenticity of all such attributions has been doubted; according to one pair of modern scholars, "The actual authorship of the three maxims set up on the Delphian temple may be left uncertain. Most likely they were popular proverbs, which tended later to be attributed to particular sages."〔H. Parke and D. Wormell, ''The Delphic Oracle'', (Basil Blackwell, 1956), vol. 1, p. 389.〕〔Dempsey, T., (''Delphic Oracle: Its Early History, Influence & Fall'' ), Oxford : B.H. Blackwell, 1918. With a prefatory note by R.S. Conway. Cf. (pp.141-142 ) ((Alternative source for book at Internet Archive in various formats ))〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「know thyself」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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